In Each District He Sits With The Judge Of That
District, And They Two Together Form The Circuit Court.
Appeals
from the district court lie to the circuit court in cases over a
certain amount, and also in certain criminal cases.
It follows
therefore that appeals lie from one judge to the same judge when
sitting with another - an arrangement which would seem to be fraught
with some inconvenience. Certain causes, both civil and criminal,
are commenced in the circuit courts. From the circuit courts the
appeal lies to the Supreme Court at Washington; but such appeal
beyond the circuit court is not allowed in cases which are of small
magnitude or which do not involve principles of importance. If
there be a division of opinion in the circuit court the case goes to
the Supreme Court; from whence it might be inferred that all cases
brought from the district court to the circuit court would be sent
on to the Supreme Court, unless the circuit judge agreed with the
district judge; for the district judge having given his judgment in
the inferior court, would probably adhere to it in the superior
court. No appeal lies to the Supreme Court at Washington in
criminal cases.
All questions that concern more than one State, or that are
litigated between citizens of different States, or which are
international in their bearing, come before the national judges.
All cases in which foreigners are concerned, or the rights of
foreigners, are brought or may be brought into the national courts.
So also are all causes affecting the Union itself, or which are
governed by the laws of Congress and not by the laws of any
individual State.
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