The Malay Archipelago - Volume I - A Narrative Of Travel By Alfred Russel Wallace.





























































 -  There has been some
elevation, especially on the south coast, where extensive cliffs
of coral limestone are found; and there - Page 13
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There Has Been Some Elevation, Especially On The South Coast, Where Extensive Cliffs Of Coral Limestone Are Found; And There

May be a substratum of older stratified rocks; but still essentially Java is volcanic, and that noble and fertile island

- The very garden of the East, and perhaps upon the whole the richest, the best cultivated, and the best governed tropical island in the world - owes its very existence to the same intense volcanic activity which still occasionally devastates its surface.

The great island of Sumatra exhibits, in proportion to its extent, a much smaller number of volcanoes, and a considerable portion of it has probably a non-volcanic origin.

To the eastward, the long string of islands from Java, passing by the north of Timor and away to Panda, are probably all due to volcanic action. Timor itself consists of ancient stratified rocks, but is said to have one volcano near its centre.

Going northward, Amboyna, a part of Bouru, and the west end of Ceram, the north part of Gilolo, and all the small islands around it, the northern extremity of Celebes, and the islands of Sian and Sang-air, are wholly volcanic. The Philippine Archipelago contains many active and extinct volcanoes, and has probably been reduced to its present fragmentary condition by subsidences attending on volcanic action.

All along this great line of volcanoes are to be found more or less palpable signs of upheaval and depression of land. The range of islands south of Sumatra, a part of the south coast of Java and of the islands east of it, the west and east end of Timor, portions of all the Moluccas, the Ke and Aru Islands, Waigiou, and the whole south and east of Gilolo, consist in a great measure of upraised coral-rock, exactly corresponding to that now forming in the adjacent seas.

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