Of All The Carnivorous Animals Of The Archipelago The Only One
Found In The Moluccas Is The Viverra Tangalunga, Which
Inhabits
both Batchian and Bouru, and probably come of the other islands.
I am inclined to think that this also
May have been introduced
accidentally, for it is often made captive by the Malays, who
procure civet from it, and it is an animal very restless and
untameable, and therefore likely to escape. This view is rendered
still more probable by what Antonio de Morga tells us was the
custom in the Philippines in 1602. He says that "the natives of
Mindanao carry about civet-cats in cages, and sell them in the
islands; and they take the civet from them, and let them go
again." The same species is common in the Philippines and in all
the large islands of the Indo-Malay region.
The only Moluccan ruminant is a deer, which was once supposed to
be a distinct species, but is now generally considered to be a
slight variety of the Rusa hippelaphus of Java. Deer are often
tamed and petted, and their flesh is so much esteemed by all
Malays, that it is very natural they should endeavour to
introduce them into the remote islands in which they settled, and
whose luxuriant forests seem so well adapted for their
subsistence.
The strange babirusa of Celebes is also found in Bouru; but in no
other Moluccan island, and it is somewhat difficult to imagine
how it got there. It is true that there is some approximation
between the birds of the Sula Islands (where the babirusa is also
found) and those of Bouru, which seems to indicate that these
islands have recently been closer together, or that some
intervening land has disappeared. At this time the babirusa may
have entered Bouru, since it probably swims as well as its allies
the pigs. These are spread all over the Archipelago, even to
several of the smaller islands, and in many cases the species are
peculiar. It is evident, therefore, that they have some natural
means of dispersal. There is a popular idea that pigs cannot
swim, but Sir Charles Lyell has shown that this is a mistake. In
his "Principles of Geology" (10th Edit. vol. ii p. 355) he adduces
evidence to show that pigs have swum many miles at sea, and are
able to swim with great ease and swiftness. I have myself seen a
wild pig swimming across the arm of the sea that separates
Singapore from the Peninsula of Malacca, and we thus have
explained the curious fact, that of all the large mammals of the
Indian region, pigs alone extend beyond the Moluccas and as far
as New Guinea, although it is somewhat curious that they have not
found their way to Australia.
The little shrew, Sorex myosurus, which is common in Sumatra,
Borneo, and Java, is also found in the larger islands of the
Moluccas, to which it may have been accidentally conveyed in
native praus.
This completes the list of the placental mammals which are so
characteristic of the Indian region; and we see that, with the
single exception of the pig, all may very probably have been
introduced by man, since all except the pig are of species
identical with those now abounding in the great Malay islands, or
in Celebes.
The four remaining mammals are Marsupials, an order of the class
Mammalia, which is very characteristic of the Australian fauna;
and these are probably true natives of the Moluccas, since they
are either of peculiar species, or if found elsewhere are natives
only of New Guinea or North Australia. The first is the small
flying opossum, Belideus ariel, a beautiful little animal,
exactly line a small flying squirrel in appearance, but belonging
to the marsupial order. The other three are species of the
curious genus Cuscus, which is peculiar to the Austro-Malayan
region. These are opossum-like animals, with a long prehensile
tail, of which the terminal half is generally bare. They have
small heads, large eyes, and a dense covering of woolly fur,
which is often pure white with irregular black spots or blotches,
or sometimes ashy brown with or without white spots. They live in
trees, feeding upon the leaves, of which they devour large
quantities, they move about slowly, and are difficult to kill,
owing to the thickness of their fur, and their tenacity of life.
A heavy charge of shot will often lodge in the slain and do them
no harm, and even breaking the spine or piercing the brain will
not kill them for some hours. The natives everywhere eat their
flesh, and as their motions are so slow, easily catch them by
climbing; so that it is wonderful they have not been
exterminated. It may be, however, that their dense woolly fur
protects them from birds of prey, and the islands they live in
are too thinly inhabited for man to be able to exterminate them.
The figure represents Cuscus ornatus, a new species discovered by
me in Batchian, and which also inhabits Ternate. It is peculiar
to the Moluccas, while the two other species which inhabit Ceram
are found also in New Guinea and Waigiou.
In place of the excessive poverty of mammals which characterises
the Moluccas, we have a very rich display of the feathered
tribes. The number of species of birds at present known from the
various islands of the Molluccan group is 265, but of these only
70 belong to the usually abundant tribes of the waders and
swimmers, indicating that these are very imperfectly known. As
they are also pre-eminently wanderers, and are thus little fitted
for illustrating the geographical distribution of life in a
limited area, we will here leave them out of consideration and
confine our attention only to the 195 land birds.
When we consider that all Europe, with its varied climate and
vegetation, with every mile of its surface explored, and with the
immense extent of temperate Asia and Africa, which serve as
storehouses, from which it is continually recruited, only
supports 25l species of land birds as residents or regular
immigrants, we must look upon the numbers already procured in the
small and comparatively unknown islands of the Moluccas as
indicating a fauna of fully average richness in this department.
But when we come to examine the family groups which go to make up
this number, we find the most curious deficiencies in some,
balanced by equally striking redundancy in other.
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