A Number Of Passages Seem To Point To A Quilted Material.
Boccaccio (Day
viii.
Novel 10) speaks of a quilt (coltre) of the whitest buckram of
Cyprus, and Uzzano enters buckram quilts (coltre di Bucherame) in a list
of Linajuoli, or linen-draperies. Both his handbook and Pegolotti's
state repeatedly that buckrams were sold by the piece or the half-score
pieces - never by measure. In one of Michel's quotations (from Baudouin de
Sebourc) we have:
"Gaufer li fist premiers armer d'un auqueton
Qui fu de bougherant et plaine de bon coton."
Mr. Hewitt would appear to take the view that Buckram meant a quilted
material; for, quoting from a roll of purchases made for the Court of
Edward I., an entry for Ten Buckrams to make sleeves of, he remarks, "The
sleeves appear to have been of pourpointerie," i.e. quilting. (Ancient
Armour, I. 240.)
This signification would embrace a large number of passages in which the
term is used, though certainly not all. It would account for the mode or
sale by the piece, and frequent use of the expression a buckram, for its
habitual application to coltre or counterpanes, its use in the
auqueton of Baudouin, and in the jackets of Falstaff's "men in buckram,"
as well as its employment in the frocks of the Mongols and Tibetans. The
winter chapkan, or long tunic, of Upper India, a form of dress which, I
believe, correctly represents that of the Mongol hosts, and is probably
derived from them, is almost universally of quilted cotton.[1] This
signification would also facilitate the transfer of meaning to the
substance now called buckram, for that is used as a kind of quilting.
The derivation of the word is very uncertain. Reiske says it is Arabic,
Abu-Kairam, "Pannus cum intextis figuris"; Wedgwood, attaching the
modern meaning, that it is from It., bucherare, to pierce full of holes,
which might be if bucherare could be used in the sense of puntare, or
the French piquer; Marsh connects it with the bucking of linen; and
D'Avezac thinks it was a stuff that took its name from Bokhara. If the
name be local, as so many names of stuffs are, the French form rather
suggests Bulgaria. [Heyd, II. 703, says that Buckram (Bucherame) was
principally manufactured at Erzinjan (Armenia), Mush, and Mardin
(Kurdistan), Ispahan (Persia), and in India, etc. It was shipped to the
west at Constantinople, Satalia, Acre, and Famagusta; the name is derived
from Bokhara. - H. C.]
(Della Decima, III. 18, 149, 65, 74, 212, etc.; IV. 4, 5, 6, 212;
Reiske's Notes to Const. Porphyrogen. II.; D'Avezac, p. 524; Vocab.
Univ. Ital.; Franc.-Michel, Recherches, etc. II. 29 seqq.; Philobiblon
Soc. Miscell. VI.; Marsh's Wedgwood's Etym. Dict. sub voce.)
[Illustration: Castle of Baiburt.]
NOTE 2. - Arziron is ERZRUM, which, even in Tournefort's time, the Franks
called Erzeron (III. 126); [it was named Garine, then
Theodosiopolis, in honour of Theodosius the Great; the present name was
given by the Seljukid Turks, and it means "Roman Country"; it was taken by
Chinghiz Khan and Timur, but neither kept it long. Odorico (Cathay, I.
p. 46), speaking of this city, says it "is mighty cold." (See also on the
low temperature of the place, Tournefort, Voyage du Levant, II. pp.
258-259.) Arzizi, ARJISH, in the vilayet of Van, was destroyed in the
middle of the 19th century; it was situated on the road from Van to Erzrum.
Arjish Kala was one of the ancient capitals of the Kingdom of Armenia; it
was conquered by Toghrul I., who made it his residence. (Cf. Vital Cuinet,
Turquie d'Asie, II. p. 710). - H. C.]
Arjish is the ancient Arsissa, which gave the Lake Van one of its names.
It is now little more than a decayed castle, with a village inside.
Notices of Kuniyah, Kaisariya, Sivas, Arzan-ar-Rumi, Arzangan, and Arjish,
will be found in Polo's contemporary Abulfeda. (See Buesching, IV.
303-311.)
NOTE 3. - Paipurth, or Baiburt, on the high road between Trebizond and
Erzrum, was, according to Neumann, an Armenian fortress in the first
century, and, according to Ritter, the castle Baiberdon was fortified by
Justinian. It stands on a peninsular hill, encircled by the windings of
the R. Charok. [According to Ramusio's version Baiburt was the third relay
from Trebizund to Tauris, and travellers on their way from one of these
cities to the other passed under this stronghold. - H. C.] The Russians, in
retiring from it in 1829, blew up the greater part of the defences. The
nearest silver mines of which we find modern notice, are those of
Gumish-Khanah ("Silverhouse"), about 35 miles N.W. of Baiburt; they are
more correctly mines of lead rich in silver, and were once largely worked.
But the Masalak-al-absar (14th century), besides these, speaks of two
others in the same province, one of which was near Bajert. This
Quatremere reasonably would read Babert or Baiburt. (Not. et Extraits,
XIII. i. 337; Texier, Armenie, I. 59.)
NOTE 4. - Josephus alludes to the belief that Noah's Ark still existed, and
that pieces of the pitch were used as amulets. (Ant. I. 3. 6.)
Ararat (16,953 feet) was ascended, first by Prof. Parrot, September 1829;
by Spasski Aotonomoff, August 1834; by Behrens, 1835; by Abich, 1845; by
Seymour in 1848; by Khodzko, Khanikoff, and others, for trigonometrical
and other scientific purposes, in August 1850. It is characteristic of the
account from which I take these notes (Longrimoff, in Bull. Soc. Geog.
Paris, ser. IV. tom. i. p. 54), that whilst the writer's countrymen,
Spasski and Behrens, were "moved by a noble curiosity," the Englishman is
only admitted to have "gratified a tourist's whim"!
NOTE 5. - Though Mr. Khanikoff points out that springs of naphtha are
abundant in the vicinity of Tiflis, the mention of ship-loads (in
Ramusio indeed altered, but probably by the Editor, to camel-loads), and
the vast quantities spoken of, point to the naphtha-wells of the Baku
Peninsula on the Caspian.
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