175, 247). So also Chaucer:
"On every trumpe hanging a broad banere Of fine Tartarium."
Again, in the French inventory of the Garde-Meuble of 1353 we find two
pieces of Tartary, one green and the other red, priced at 15 crowns
each. (Flower and Leaf, 211; Dante, Inf. XVII. 17, and Longfellow,
p. 159; Douet d'Arcq, p. 328; Fr.-Michel, Rech. I. 315, II. 166 seqq.)
NOTE 7. - SINDACHU (Sindacui, Suidatui, etc., of the MSS.) is SIUEN-HWA-FU,
called under the Kin Dynasty Siuen-te-chau, more than once besieged and
taken by Chinghiz. It is said to have been a summer residence of the later
Mongol Emperors, and fine parks full of grand trees remain on the western
side. It is still a large town and the capital of a Fu, about 25 miles
south of the Gate on the Great Wall at Chang Kia Kau, which the Mongols
and Russians call Kalgan. There is still a manufacture of felt and woollen
articles here.
[Mr. Rockhill writes to me that this place is noted for the manufacture of
buckskins. - H. C.]
Ydifu has not been identified. But Baron Richthofen saw old mines
north-east of Kalgan, which used to yield argentiferous galena; and
Pumpelly heard of silver-mines near Yuchau, in the same department.
[In the Yuen-shi it is "stated that there were gold and silver mines in
the districts of Siuen-te-chow and Yuchow, as well as in the Kiming shan
Mountains. These mines were worked by the Government itself up to 1323,
when they were transferred to private enterprise. Marco Polo's Ydifu is
probably a copyist's error, and stands instead of Yuchow." (Palladius,
24, 25.) - H. C.]
[1] Mr. Ney Elias favours me with a curious but tantalising communication
on this subject: "An old man called on me at Kwei-hwa Ch'eng (Tenduc),
who said he was neither Chinaman, Mongol, nor Mahomedan, and lived on
ground a short distance to the north of the city, especially allotted
to his ancestors by the Emperor, and where there now exist several
families of the same origin. He then mentioned the connection of his
family with that of the Emperor, but in what way I am not clear, and
said that he ought to be, or had been, a prince. Other people coming
in, he was interrupted and went away.... He was not with me more than
ten minutes, and the incident is a specimen of the difficulty in
obtaining interesting information, except by mere chance.... The idea
that struck me was, that he was perhaps a descendant of King George of
Tenduc; for I had your M. P. before me, and had been inquiring as much
as I dared about subjects it suggested.... At Kwei-hwa Ch'eng I was
very closely spied, and my servant was frequently told to warn me
against asking too many questions."
I should mention that Oppert, in his very interesting monograph, Der
Presbyter Johannes, refuses to recognise the Kerait chief at all in
that character, and supposes Polo's King George to be the
representative of a prince of the Liao (supra, p. 205), who, as we
learn from De Mailla's History, after the defeat of the Kin, in which
he had assisted Chinghiz, settled in Liaotung, and received from the
conqueror the title of King of the Liao. This seems to me
geographically and otherwise quite inadmissible.
[2] The term Arkaiun, or Arkaun, in this sense, occurs in the Armenian
History of Stephen Orpelian, quoted by St. Martin. The author of the
Tarikh Jahan Kushai, cited by D'Ohsson, says that Christians were
called by the Mongols Arkaun. When Hulaku invested Baghdad we are
told that he sent a letter to the Judges, Shaikhs, Doctors and
Arkauns, promising to spare such as should act peaceably. And in the
subsequent sack we hear that no houses were spared except those of a
few Arkauns and foreigners. In Rashiduddin's account of the Council
of State at Peking, we are told that the four Fanchan, or Ministers
of the Second Class, were taken from the four nations of Tajiks,
Cathayans, Uighurs, and Arkaun. Sabadin Arkaun was the name of one
of the Envoys sent by Arghun Khan of Persia to the Pope in 1288.
Traces of the name appear also in Chinese documents of the Mongol era,
as denoting some religious body. Some of these have been quoted by
Mr. Wylie; but I have seen no notice taken of a very curious extract
given by Visdelou. This states that Kublai in 1289 established a Board
of nineteen chief officers to have surveillance of the affairs of the
Religion of the Cross, of the Marha, the Siliepan, and the
Yelikhawen. This Board was raised to a higher rank in 1315: and at
that time 72 minor courts presiding over the religion of the
Yelikhawen existed under its supervision. Here we evidently have the
word Arkhaiun in a Chinese form; and we may hazard the suggestion
that Marha, Siliepan and Yelikhawen meant respectively the
Armenian, Syrian, or Jacobite, and Nestorian Churches. (St. Martin,
Mem. II. 133, 143, 279; D'Ohsson, II. 264; Ilchan, I. 150, 152;
Cathay, 264; Acad. VII. 359; Wylie in J. As. V. xix. 406. Suppt.
to D'Herbelot, 142.)
[3] The word is not in Zenker or Pavet de Courteille.
[4] Mr. Shaw writes Toonganee. The first mention of this name that I
know of is in Izzat Ullah's Journal. (Vide J. R. A. S. VII. 310.)
The people are there said to have got the name from having first
settled in Tungan. Tung-gan is in the same page the name given to
the strong city of T'ung Kwan on the Hwang-ho. (See Bk. II. ch. xli.
note 1.) A variety of etymologies have been given, but Vambery's seems
the most probable.
