We give some detailed
examples in a note.[4]
[Sidenote: Old French Text published by the Societe de Geographie.]
52. The French Text that we have been quoting, published by the
Geographical Society of Paris in 1824, affords on the other hand the
strongest corresponding proof that it is an original and not a
Translation. Rude as is the language of the manuscript (Fr. 1116, formerly
No. 7367, of Paris Library), it is, in the correctness of the proper
names, and the intelligible exhibition of the itineraries, much superior
to any form of the Work previously published.
The language is very peculiar. We are obliged to call it French, but it is
not "Frenche of Paris." "Its style," says Paulin Paris, "is about as like
that of good French authors of the age, as in our day the natural accent
of a German, an Englishman, or an Italian, is like that of a citizen of
Paris or Blois." The author is at war with all the practices of French
grammar; subject and object, numbers, moods, and tenses, are in consummate
confusion. Even readers of his own day must at times have been fain to
guess his meaning. Italian words are constantly introduced, either quite
in the crude or rudely Gallicized.[5] And words also, we may add,
sometimes slip in which appear to be purely Oriental, just as is apt to
happen with Anglo-Indians in these days.[6] All this is perfectly
consistent with the supposition that we have in this MS. a copy at least
of the original words as written down by Rusticiano a Tuscan, from the
dictation of Marco an Orientalized Venetian, in French, a language foreign
to both.
But the character of the language as French is not its only peculiarity.
There is in the style, apart from grammar or vocabulary, a rude
angularity, a rough dramatism like that of oral narrative; there is a want
of proportion in the style of different parts, now over curt, now diffuse
and wordy, with at times even a hammering reiteration; a constant
recurrence of pet colloquial phrases (in which, however, other literary
works of the age partake); a frequent change in the spelling of the same
proper names, even when recurring within a few lines, as if caught by ear
only; a literal following to and fro of the hesitations of the narrator; a
more general use of the third person in speaking of the Traveller, but an
occasional lapse into the first. All these characteristics are strikingly
indicative of the unrevised product of dictation, and many of them would
necessarily disappear either in translation or in a revised copy.
Of changes in representing the same proper name, take as an example that
of the Kaan of Persia whom Polo calls Quiacatu (Kaikhatu), but also
Acatu, Catu, and the like.
As an example of the literal following of dictation take the following: -
"Let us leave Rosia, and I will tell you about the Great Sea (the
Euxine), and what provinces and nations lie round about it, all in
detail; and we will begin with Constantinople - First, however, I should
tell you about a province, etc.... There is nothing more worth
mentioning, so I will speak of other subjects, - but there is one thing
more to tell you about Rosia that I had forgotten.... Now then let us
speak of the Great Sea as I was about to do. To be sure many merchants
and others have been here, but still there are many again who know
nothing about it, so it will be well to include it in our Book. We will
do so then, and let us begin first with the Strait of Constantinople.
"At the Straits leading into the Great Sea, on the West Side, there is a
hill called the Faro. - But since beginning on this matter I have changed
my mind, because so many people know all about it, so we will not put it
in our description but go on to something else." (See vol. ii. p. 487
seqq.)
And so on.
As a specimen of tautology and hammering reiteration the following can
scarcely be surpassed. The Traveller is speaking of the Chughi, i.e. the
Indian Jogis: -
"And there are among them certain devotees, called Chughi; these are
longer-lived than the other people, for they live from 150 to 200 years;
and yet they are so hale of body that they can go and come wheresoever
they please, and do all the service needed for their monastery or their
idols, and do it just as well as if they were younger; and that comes of
the great abstinence that they practise, in eating little food and only
what is wholesome; for they use to eat rice and milk more than anything
else. And again I tell you that these Chughi who live such a long time
as I have told you, do also eat what I am going to tell you, and you
will think it a great matter. For I tell you that they take quicksilver
and sulphur, and mix them together, and make a drink of them, and then
they drink this, and they say that it adds to their life; and in fact
they do live much longer for it; and I tell you that they do this twice
every month. And let me tell you that these people use this drink from
their infancy in order to live longer, and without fail those who live
so long as I have told you use this drink of sulphur and quicksilver."
(See G. T. p. 213.)
Such talk as this does not survive the solvent of translation; and we may
be certain that we have here the nearest approach to the Traveller's
reminiscences as they were taken down from his lips in the prison of
Genoa.
